Liberation Theology Essay - 646 Words

Liberation Theology Liberation theology is situational. The emergence of liberation theology and the interpretation of the Bible under liberation theology stems directly to the participants place in society. As the title suggests, liberation theology interprets the Bible as a document of hope that will give strength and validity to a struggle against an oppressor. Liberation theology rises out of a new political consciousness. The oppressed people have to realize they are oppressed and that the Bible text can be used as a tool to overcome their oppressors. In regards to South Africa, there was an awakening when the black people realized their lack of influence in politics, the huge economic disparity between rich and poor, and their low†¦show more content†¦State theology is controlled by the same people who control the political parities, the economic situation, and the agents of oppression. In this theology, money talks, and the people without money have no voice. Apartheid was like a religio n in that it was something people strongly believed in, it used the Bible as justification, and it was practiced every day. The important item to remember is that apartheid was created by humans. It was flawed (obviously) and actually worked in direct opposition to the Church’s teachings. As Boesak points out, â€Å"Can a Christian in a Christian country with a host of Christian churches speak and preach about the sanctity of family life and about the responsibility of parents and children and at the same time vote for a government and sustain and aid a system that gives theological justification to laws that maintain that black people cannot live together as husband and wife.† (120) the hypocrisy here seems so blatant. As liberation theology has moved on in the post Apartheid era, there has been several problems in its adaptation. The South African liberation theology movement was based almost solely on racial equality and the end to apartheid. When apartheid was dismantled, the movement had no direction, even though several social issues still remained. The focus of the movement was so specific that it made it difficult to transition to anything more inclusive. Another problem with liberation theology is that the text it usesShow MoreRelatedLiberation Theology Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction According to Enns (2008), liberation theology attempts to infer the holy writ through the plight of the poor. This movement originated from South America in the early 1950s when Marxism was the most popular theory among the poor. It was a response to the ill-treatment and poverty facing the ordinary people. It dealt with the issue of distribution of wealth among people in order to upgrade the economic status in life. This movement had strong Romanian Catholic roots bolstered in ColombiaRead MoreBlack Liberation Theology Essay1864 Words   |  8 PagesBlack Liberation Theology can be defined as the relationship that blacks have with god in their struggle to end oppression. It sees god as a god of history and the liberator of the oppressed from bondage. Black Liberation theology views God and Christianity as a gospel relevant to blacks who struggle daily under the oppression of whites. Because of slavery, blacks concept of God was totally different from the masters who enslaved the m. White Christians saw god as more of a spiritual savior, theRead MoreBlack Liberation Theology Essay1819 Words   |  8 PagesBlack Liberation Theology can be defined as the relationship that blacks have with god in their struggle to end oppression. It sees god as a god of history and the liberator of the oppressed from bondage. Black Liberation theology views God and Christianity as a gospel relevant to blacks who struggle daily under the oppression of whites. Because of slavery, blacks concept of God was totally different from the masters who enslaved them. White Christians saw god as more of a spiritual savior, theRead MoreAfrican Women s Liberation Theology Essay2365 Words   |  10 PagesDISSERTATION AFRICAN WOMEN IN LIBERATION THEOLOGY Literature Review Liberation theology is the fulfilment and deliverance of theology from the instance of positioning it in real situations in life into the centre of the battle. Liberation theology desires to bring excessive religious zeal which fails to identify the quality of declaring God who created all man equal but is disinterested about their existence. McCall says â€Å"Liberation theology represents attempts to move theology from the abstract to practicalRead MoreLiberation Theology Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagestouching on the ideas of James Cone’s ideas on Liberation Theology and the relationship between the Cross and the Lynching Tree, our group decided to focus the topic of our presentation around Liberation Theology. However, in order to create a counter argument to stimulate further discourse, we introduced the Theology of Prosperity, as an opposing theological concept, to our presentation. Hence, we came up with the topic of Liberation Theology vs. Theology of Prosperity. Firstly, it was necessaryRead MoreEssay about Liberation Theology796 Words   |  4 PagesLiberation Theology I see [liberation theology] as a theology of the people, rather than of professional theologians; rising out of the cries of the oppressed; refined in the experience of those who may not even be able to read and write; clarified in thousands of base communities; embodied in lives that risk everything to be faithful to the good news that God hears their cry, sides with them in their distress, and works with them for liberation- a liberation in which they play a central roleRead MoreEssay on Oscar Romero, Liberation Theology and the Catholic Church3831 Words   |  16 PagesOscar Romero, Liberation Theology and the Catholic Church In the post-World War II era, the globe was polarized by two idealistically divergent superpowers; the United States and the Soviet Union, two nations that strived to promote capitalism and communism, respectively, throughout the globe. Nowhere was this struggle more apparent than in developing countries with shaky political and economic backbones. Specifically, in Latin America the old, corrupt and often totalitarian regimes were threatenedRead MoreAnalysis Of Gustavo Gutierrezs Theology Of Liberation1850 Words   |  8 PagesLiberation theology calls followers of Jesus to work together to create a just society that brings change and align themselves with the oppressed. All of my sources Gustavo Gutierrez, Paul Farmer, and Sohail Hasmi place defending the rights of the poor as a central aspects of their arguments. Which is why I am led to believe that my sources could come together, even if they have different point of views. In Gustavo Gutierrez’s Theology of Liberation, he argues this theology is about committing toRead MoreEssay on Liberation Theology in Latin America1734 Words   |  7 Pagesgroups of individuals in an attempt to change the social structure of their respective countries. In turn, these popular movements led to the rise of dictatorships aimed to control the people and protect the desires of the country (Introducing Liberation Theology). The social, political, and economical atmosphere of this time proved prime for religious change and new ideals. In the early 1960’s, the churches in Latin America experienced a much-needed sense of revitalization. The church eagerly soughtRead MoreHistory Of South American Poverty And The Development Of Liberation Theology1451 Words   |  6 PagesLiberation Theology â€Å"But the poor person does not exist as an inescapable fact of destiny. His or her existence is not politically neutral, and it is not ethically innocent. The poor are a by-product of the system in which we live and for which we are responsible. They are marginalized by our social and cultural world. They are the oppressed, exploited proletariat, robbed of the fruit of their labor and despoiled of their humanity. Hence the poverty of the poor is not a call to generous relief action

The Juvenile Justice System And Juveniles - 1663 Words

When it comes to discussing the criminal justice system and juveniles, there have been many landmark cases that have made a significant impact on the juvenile justice system. The cases arise from dealing with certain aspects that comes from handling juveniles entering the system. Since juveniles are very different from adults they have to deal with them a certain way and a case by case basis. The court cases concerning juveniles and the decisions that have come from them is what has made what the juvenile justice system is today. Juveniles are not treated the same as adults since juveniles are not ad developed as adults common sense wise. They don’t always know what is right from wrong and sometimes they do not have guidance or good influences around them helping them in the right direction. In class we have learned that instead of punishing them, the goal of the juvenile justice system is based on rehabilitation. For instance, juveniles cannot be sentenced to death if under t he age of 18 and also can not be given the sentences of life without parole because they consider these punishments cruel and unusual for juveniles. If the system is able to rehabilitate them and give them the tools they need, they have a second chance at changing their lives for the better and getting away from all of the crimes. They rather try to send them to programs or to complete community service to better themselves instead of giving them hard time. The court cases that I will discuss is whatShow MoreRelatedJuveniles And The Juvenile Justice System1559 Words   |  7 PagesJuveniles committing crimes is not a new issued being introduced to society; actually, it has been an issue for centuries. However, the big question is, should juveniles be tried in adult courts? Before answering, take into consideration every possible scenario that could have led them to commit the crime. For instance, were they the leader in the act? Did they participate in the crime? Was the juvenile e ven aware of what was taking place? Were they peer pressured? Did they have any other choiceRead MoreJuvenile And Juvenile Justice System752 Words   |  4 PagesThe juvenile justice system and criminal justice system also known as the adult justice system is two different systems. The juvenile justice system is children who are under the age of 18 years old. After the age of 18, it is considered to be an adult it will enter through the adult justice system. There ate states that allows youth to stay in the juvenile justice system from age 18 until 21. The main differences between the juvenile justice system and criminal justice system is rehabilitation andRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System For Juveniles1397 Words   |  6 Pageswere treated the same as adult criminals. If you are a young person under the age of 18 and you commit a crime, you will have your case heard in the juvenile justice system. The thing is that, it hasn’t always gone that way. The idea of a separate justice system for juveniles is just over one hundred years old (American Bar). Where did juvenile justice come from? The law was in the image of the common law of England. William Blackstone, Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, first publishedRead MoreJuvenile Justice And The Juvenile System4789 Words   |  20 PagesJuvenile Justice Consultant When thinking of reforming the juvenile justice system one has to think; what can we do to make this better for everyone involve? There are some programs that can be implemented when trying to make a change in the juvenile system. The main thing is getting parents or the guardian more involved in the child’s whereabouts. Secondly the community where the youth will have a place to go and have something more constructive to do to keep them out of trouble. Law enforcementRead MoreJuvenile Crime And The Juvenile Justice System1278 Words   |  6 PagesBryn Conley November 7, 2014 Juvenile Crime and the Juvenile Justice System in North Carolina: Informative Speech Specific Purpose Statement To inform my audience about the seriousness of juvenile crime and the problems that North Carolina faces when dealing with underage offenders. Introduction I. According to the Annual Summary Report done by the North Carolina Department of Justice and the State Bureau of Investigation, in 2012, approximately 36,000 juveniles were arrested in the state of NorthRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Juvenile Justice System950 Words   |  4 Pages Since 1899 when the juvenile justice system was first created it has undergone quite a series of changes relative to how they go about the overall handling of juvenile offenders in the criminal justice system. In most states the only way for juveniles to be tried as adults is if they are over the age of 16 or if they have committed a violent crime such as rape or assault but recently many juveniles are being tried as adults for even far lesser crimes. It also has been well documented for a numberRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System And Juvenile Offenders941 Words   |  4 Pagesways in which the juvenile justice system responds to female offenders. Historically juvenile female offenders have been treated under status offense jurisdiction (Zahn et al., 2010, p. 10). United States Courts would exercise the principle of â€Å"parens patriae† to place the female in detention as a form of punishment for misbehavior (Sherman, 2012, pp. 1589-1590). This principle also remains prevalent as it pertains to how the juvenile justice system currently responds to juvenile female offendersRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System1313 Words   |  6 Pages Today s concept of the juvenile justice system is relatively new due to significant modifications in policy overtime. The justice system has been trying to figure out effective ways to treat juvenile criminal offenders successfully for years. The justice system did not always have a special category for juveniles and their crime. Juveniles was once treated as adults when they committed crimes and were subjected to harsh punishments. The juvenile court was the culmination of efforts of the positivistRead MoreJuvenile Justice Systems833 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Juvenile crime is a term around the world that is difficult to pinpoint and although there are several definitions many fail to be concrete. There are many factors that play into sentencing juveniles or minors upon a crime committed. How old are they? Can they mentally form criminal intent? Are they old enough to no longer be treated as children? Some people would argue that a criminal is just that, regardless of age. Research on the other hand shows that juveniles have underdevelopedRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System788 Words   |  3 Pages The juvenile justice system was founded with the goal to serve the best interests of the child, with an understanding that youth possessed different needs than adults. Over the course of our semester we have come across various research studies that proves that the adult system is not well equipped to house and rehabilitate the delinquents. These studies have shown that more juveniles that are transferred to the criminal justice system ends up back in the system, which means the recidivism rate

Remedial Measures Suggested to Curb Arsenic Poisoning

Question: Discuss about theRemedial Measures Suggested to Curb Arsenic Poisoning. Answer: Introduction: Arsenic pollution in Australia is a growing concern in the context of soil and water pollution in Australia. The main reason that has resulted in the elevated level of arsenic in the groundwater level of Australia is the various kinds of anthropogenic activities. The anthropogenic activities that need the most important mention here are the mining activities conducted in Western Australia and Victoria. Other such activities include cultivation, industrialization and forestry contaminates soil and water. Arsenic contamination is considered a major concern because it directly affects the ecological cycle of different species such as fish, mammals and even human besides affecting trees (Machlachlan et al., 2016). Metalloid infection is a leading problem that often is unnoticed by the concerned authorities because of their assumptions of such pollution having minimalistic effects on the environment as harmful contaminants. Hazards: Arsenic infection has several health hazards. Some of them include formation of acute poisoning that may even lead to death. When the exposure occurs at a lower level, it may lead to abnormal production of red and white blood corpuscles (Abdul et al., 2015). Even damage to blood vessels also takes place. It also causes darkening of the skin and the appearance of small skin irritations like the occurrence of corns and warts that becomes visible on palms, soles and body. Disease: Due to various health hazards, arsenic pollution becomes responsible for the occurrence of skin cancer, cancer in the liver, urinary bladder and in the lungs. Exposure Pathway to Arsenic: Exposure to arsenic usually occurs by ingestion of foods such as meat, fish, poultry, shellfish and many others in the form of arsenobetaine and arsenocholine, which is sometimes called as fish arsenic. Moreover, well water is often found to be polluted by arsenic present in the bedrock area and is a leading problem globally. Occupational exposure to arsenic may result from inhalation of air contaminated by arsenic usually in the form of arsenic trioxide (Naujokos et al., 2013). These particles are deposited in the respiratory tract. Those particles deposited in the upper respiratory tract may reach the gastrointestinal tract by absorption when mucociliary clearance is done. In very less researches, one can find the skin to be a pathway of exposure. However, studies have shown that persons handling wood preserved with arsenic or handling arsenic acid may lead to exposure but such instances are very few. Risk Associated with Exposed Population: A variety of population may get exposed to arsenic population. The population consuming rice is found out by scientists to be mostly affected. Australian grown organic brown organic brown grain, medium brown grain and white rice were seen to have been contaminated with arsenic with concentration in each being 43823, 28703, and 28318 g kg(-1) dry weight respectively (Rahman et al., 2014). Here we see that both occupational exposure through improper hygiene of inhalation and ingestion not only affect the farmers but also may spread to the entire nation through consumption of the cereals. Arsenic is also found to exposed to populations residing close to cattle dip sights, mined land and also in the residential suburbs of the mineralization areas (Ng et al., 2013). People living in mining areas are also highly vulnerable to arsenic infection. These populations have higher risks associated with arsenic pollution leading to lung cancer, liver lesions, skin cancer and various painful warts and corns on the skin. Importance of Selected Disease: Cancer occurring in different organs like lungs, bladder, gastrointestinal tract and others is a growing concern in not only Australia but also in the entire world and in most cases it is not curable. Persons suffering from cancer suffer physically, emotionally and financially. Data collected in the year 2012 by the Victorian Cancer Registry and Geochemical geochemical data showed that arsenic content in the soil from gold mining sits estimated around 1.4 to 1857 mg/kg. A significant increase in the risk associated with cancer resulted from increased soil arsenic contamination and thereby increases the burden of the entire cancer statistics of the country (Cancer Council Australia, 2016). DPSEEA Framework The DPSEEA framework has been used in order to discuss the interventions, which will be formulated in order to reduce the risk of the exposed population of contracting the disease. The DPSEEA framework has a structure (given in figure 1), which involves an action, that requires to be taken based on the driving force. Figure 1: The DPSEEA framework as designed based on the arsenic population and the remediation techniques suggested. (Source: Created by the author) In this scenario, the action is referred to as the interventions that have to be taken to reduce the risk of exposure of arsenic among the population. A remediation model needs to be devised in order to reduce absorption of arsenic in the system. Background on the Issue Finally, concentrating mainly on the remedial aspect, it is necessary for reducing the threat that arsenic poisoning poses to the population. The local council should work towards preventing mining activities to take place in the particular area so that further contamination can stop. The local council should also make an effort to prevent the people engaging in forestry should not use arsenic as a preservation agent for the logs. Awareness needs to be created among the farmers who cultivate rice by flooding method. If rice is being cultivated in an area whose water table has been contaminated with arsenic, the roots results into adsorbing arsenic in the grain and the shoot as well. Several industrial runoffs open into a water body. These runoffs carry wastes that are contaminated with arsenic. It leads to the contamination of the water body. The local council should make sure that the industries in the area should work towards remediating the arsenic based wastes present in their ru noffs. Remedial Techniques Remedial technique that can be suggested for reducing the cultivation. As a remedial technique in respect to cultivation, it should be stopped in such areas where the spoil is contaminated with arsenic. To avoid this, hyper accumulator plants such as species of Pteris (for example, Pteris vittata) can be planted on such contaminated soils to cure the soil (Singh et al., 2015). At the industries in and around the area contaminated with arsenic, they can apply the technology of Alcan where activated alumina is used as sorptive filtration media. Iron doped carbon, activated alumina are the main composition of the adsorbents that can be used in the industries for radiation purpose (Onby et al., 2014). Sidko is a similar adsorbent, which uses granules of ferric hydroxide. The local council can also introduce an arsenic removal unit, which consists of adsorbents that will make use of coagulation, precipitation, and filtration based processes to remove arsenic (Sorlini, Gialdini Collivigna relli, 2014). The adsorbents can be made of READ-F, which is a Ethylenevinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) - borne hydrous cerium oxide. By growing awareness among the population, the addition of potassium as a supplement in the diet can reduce chances of cardiovascular troubles caused by arsenic trioxide (Huang et al., 2014). Conclusion Arsenic poisoning is a worrying issue for several nations in the world today. The poisoning is mostly caused by the adsorption of arsenic into the system, which results into causing several diseases. A prolonged accumulation of the arsenic in the soil and consequently, leading to the contamination of the water tables affects the eco system too, which ultimately leads to the eutrophication. In order to avoid such a situation, remediation techniques need to be applied to reduce the threat that arsenic poisoning poses for the population. Awareness also needs to be created among the people who are continuing to pollute the environment. Self-driven measures are expected on a governmental level to reduce the prevalence of arsenic poisoning among the population. References: Abdul, K. S. M., Jayasinghe, S. S., Chandana, E. P., Jayasumana, C., De Silva, P. M. C. (2015). Arsenic and human health effects: A review.Environmental toxicology and pharmacology,40(3), 828-846. Australia, C. (2016). Proven risk - Cancer Council Australia. Cancer.org.au. Retrieved 6 November 2016, from https://www.cancer.org.au/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/environmental-causes/proven-risk.html#j Huang, Y., Zhu, C., Yang, J., Nie, Y., Chen, C., Sun, D. (2014). Recent advances in bacterial cellulose.Cellulose,21(1), 1-30. MacLachlan, D. J., Budd, K., Connolly, J., Derrick, J., Penrose, L., Tobin, T. (2016). Arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, selenium and zinc concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle in Australian sheep.Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. Naujokas, M. F., Anderson, B., Ahsan, H., Aposhian, H. V., Graziano, J. H., Thompson, C., Suk, W. A. (2013). The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure: update on a worldwide public health problem.Environmental Health Perspectives (Online),121(3), 295. Ng, J. C., Noller, B. N., Bruce, S. L., Moore, M. (2013). Bioavailability of metals and arsenic at contaminated sites from cattle dips, mined land and naturally occurring mineralisation origins. In5th National Workshop on the Assessment of Site Contamination(pp. 163-181). NEPC Service Corporation. nnby, L., Svensson, C., Mbundi, L., Busquets, R., Cundy, A., Kirsebom, H. (2014). -Al 2 O 3-based nanocomposite adsorbents for arsenic (V) removal: assessing performance, toxicity and particle leakage.Science of the Total Environment,473, 207-214. Rahman, M. A., Rahman, M. M., Reichman, S. M., Lim, R. P., Naidu, R. (2014). Arsenic speciation in Australian-grown and imported rice on sale in Australia: implications for human health risk.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry,62(25), 6016-6024. Singh, S., Shrivastava, A., Barla, A., Bose, S. (2015). Isolation of arsenic-resistant bacteria from bengal delta sediments and their efficacy in arsenic removal from soil in association with Pteris vittata.Geomicrobiology Journal,32(8), 712-723. Sorlini, S., Gialdini, F., Collivignarelli, M. C. (2014). Survey on full-scale drinking water treatment plants for arsenic removal in Italy.Water Practice and Technology,9(1), 42-51.

Political Economy Executive Powers, Russia And Japan Essays

Political Economy: Executive Powers, Russia And Japan Summary of Powers Within the constitution of a nation, powers are delegated to certain institutions of that nation's government. Although in many cases similar, nations can vary drastically when defining the organizational structure from which they operate. Some democratic constitutions delegate more power to the executive branch while in other nations more power is given to the legislature. This point can be illustrated when the same branch of a nation's government is compared with that of another. An example of differing executive powers can be viewed between the Russian Federation and Japan. Japan's democracy was developed by General Macarthur alongside U.S. occupation authorities after WWII. It is that of a typical parliamentary system, similar in many ways to those of Europe. The prime minister is elected by the members of the Diet, or parliament, and serves until he or she losses the confidence of the House of Representatives or until the four year term is up (Palmer 264). The Russian democracy came about a half a century down the road. When communism ultimately fell in the Soviet Union, a popular figure under Gorbachev came into power under a fresh, democratic framework. His name was Boris Yeltsin. He put together a new constitution, based on the Constitution of France, that gave many formal powers to the executive branch. It allows for a dual executive; a president and a prime minister. The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and is empowered to rule by decree in a state of emergency (Palmer 334). He is also tied into the bureaucracy with the power to nominate and remove other bureaucrats and department heads from office. He nominates a prime minister and must approve the Cabinet. Behavioral Comparison From 1955 to 1993, Japan's legislature, or House of Representatives, was dominated by the Liberal Democratic Party. This meant that the president of the party was guaranteed to become prime minister. That element should have ensured the office of prime minister to be one of the strongest of that of the First World. Instead, it was among the weakest (Palmer 264). The function of Japan's prime minister is very similar to that of Russia's. However, the power of the executive branch in Russia resides in the office of the president. He nominates the prime minister and must approve the members of the cabinet (Palmer 334). The president, under the Yeltsin Constitution, has direct control over the major processes of government. Not a lot gets done without the president's approval (Palmer 335). In contrast to Russia's executive branch, Japan's prime ministers during this period spent most of their energy trying to keep the consensus between rival factions within the ruling party. Instead of having full control, with everything having to meet his approval, the main function of the Japanese prime minister is to compromise or to block policy initiatives coming from different administrative agencies or powerful business interests. Most of these initiatives come from Japan, Inc, an alliance between political, business, and administrative leaders who share one common goal, economic growth (Palmer 265). The success of a prime minister was based on his ability to broker between the different party factions, as opposed to the Russian president who develops and dictates policies. In the executive branch of both countries, there is a prime minister who resides over the Cabinet where the top ministries formulate and discuss policy. In Russia, as opposed to Japan, the existence of a president undermines the prime minister. The Cabinet reports directly to that office and everything must meet his approval (Palmer 335). In contrast, Japan's prime minister, as well as top Cabinet members, must be in support if a policy is going to be put into effect (Palmer 265). Therefore, although there is no powerful presidential hand helping things along in Japan, the final word still sits with the prime minister and the Cabinet. It could be said that Japan lacks strong, decisive leadership, and that Russia's executive branch, with the president as the psychological leader of the people, is superior. Yet it is Russia's economy that is deteriorating. In addition, despite that powerful office, Russia still needs the consensus it doesn't have to reform policy. In conclusion, despite the weakening

Service Innovation in Hospitality Industry free essay sample

By shifting focus from „Goods-Dominant Logic? to „Service-Dominant Logic? , Service Science presents a new perspective on value creation and service experience. In this new perspective, value is co-created by various roles, experienced and evaluated by customers. However, the problem is how to implement theories in a specific industry. Focusing on hotel industry, this paper aims to illustrate how service evolves with the development of technology and theory based on the case study of InfoQuest, which is an IT company mainly providing SaberKnot. InfoQuest redefines several economic roles (hotels, IT system provider, local businesses and customers) and relationships among them (from a linear model to a netlike model) where it injects Hotel Industry with new vitality. Both competitive advantages and potential problems that might arise from the service innovation are subsequently discussed. At last, a further analysis is made on the China market in order to show the possibility of that business entering into China. We will write a custom essay sample on Service Innovation in Hospitality Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I Acknowledgements Acknowledgements are given to all the people who supported me with the dissertation. First, I am deeply indebted to my supervisors Mr. Lars Haglund and Mr. Erik Sundstro for their m, stimulating suggestions and helpful cooperation in the time of writing this dissertation. I should also express my gratitude to InfoQuest where I worked during the time of writing this thesis. Special thanks should be made to Mr. Ronald U. Telson, Mr. Christer Hellholm, Ms. Lena Bryske, and other colleagues who provided a lot of useful information and valuable ideas and suggestions. Most importantly, none of this would have been possible without the love and patience of my family and my friends. For many of travelers in their vacation, visit or business trip, hotels are places they stay when out of home. As a mature industry, hotels industry now includes all types of lodging from luxurious 5-star hotels to youth hostels. Besides room services, most hotels also offer a variety of accessorial services, including but not limited to food, beverage, laundry and valet services. Additionally, the high level hotels can offer conference rooms, swimming pools, beauty salons, fitness centers and many other facilities to both business and leisure travelers. Information technology (IT) is defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) as the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. Compared to hotel industry, Information technology came out rather recently, but has developed into one of the biggest industries with influences to most other industries. In hotel industry, the possibility to supply qualified IT services is regarded as one of the prerequisites for, at least, top level hotels. Service Science is an emerging discipline that focuses on fundamental science, models, theories and applications to drive innovation, competition, and quality of life through service(s) (Bitner, Brown, Goul and Urban, 2006). Through shifting from Goods-Dominant Logic to Service-Dominant Logic, Service Science focuses on â€Å"operant resources† rather than -1- â€Å"operand resources†, which implies all economies are service economies. It maintains that services (including goods and services) co-created by stakeholders and customers can only be experienced and evaluated by customers. . 2 Objectives and structure InfoQuest Group AB (InfoQuest) is a company specializes in the IT segment with the purpose to bring its customers and partners innovative solutions. With the help of Information Technology, the company introduces a service innovation into hotel industry, which is the gravity of the research. The service innovation redefines several economic roles (hotels, IT sys tem provider, local businesses and customers) and relationships among them (from a linear model to a netlike model). This thesis aims to examine (1) the competitive advantages and potential problems that might be brought by this service innovation and (2) the possibility to transplant such the new business model created by InfoQuest in Europe to China market, taking into account service theory. The structure of the dissertation can be described as follow: ? Service literature review ? which first provides a summary of Service Science and service innovation and then compares Goods-Dominant Logic with Service-Dominant Logic; ? Corporation description which introduces InfoQuest and its main product SaberKnot, in particular its technical principles and commercial principles; ? Service innovation in hotel industry ? Roles redefinition; ? Value co-creation; ? Competitive advantages; ? Potential problems; ? Market opportunity analysis in China ? China market introduction; ? Typical local businesses; ? Opportunities; -2- ? Difficulties and risks; ? Conclusion. 1. 3 Methodology This thesis focuses on resear ch of service innovation in hotel industry. In order to carry out an in-depth investigation, this thesis adopts case study as the research design. A company named InfoQuest and its flagship product SaberKnot show us a possible way to innovate service in hotel industry, which is the case of this thesis. I choose InfoQuest as the case is because its new netlike business model involves both the shifting from Goods-Dominant Logic to Service-Dominant Logic and service innovation in hotel industry, which can confirm and supplement existed theory. ? Data collection The research methods used in this thesis mainly include documents review, secondary analysis, participant observation, official statistics, etc. Bryman and Bell (2007) pointed out the importance of literature review, most obvious reason of which is to know what is already known in the research area. From academic literature review, we can see advantages in the shifting from Goods-Dominant Logic to Service-Dominant Logic and theories of service innovation. There are quite a lot researches related to service theory and service innovation, so my study starts from a literature review to build up a theoretical basis, which covers the fields of service definition, Service-Dominant Logic, Goods-Dominant Logic, service innovation, etc. Literature resources include academic papers, books, and web pages, which provide me with existing research achievements in this field. However, most of these literatures do not focus on service innovation in a specific industry, and no primary data can be acquired from literature review. According to Bryman and Bell (2007), â€Å"the basic case study entails the detailed and intensive analysis of single case. † From their opinion, a case can be an organization, a location, a person, or an event, etc. They also mentioned that qualitative methods, such as participant observation and unstructured interviewing, are very helpful methods in case study. The information of InfoQuest and SaberKnot is collected from several channels, including internal documents, participant observation, communication with colleagues, etc. In addition, the raw -3- materials used in China market analysis are mainly collected from official statistics. Most tables are quoted from website of National Tourism Administration of The People? s China, and website of National Bureau of Statistics of China. Other statistics and policies are referred to websites of local governments or organizations. Some information from companies? ebsites is also used to make competitor analysis. According to Vargo and Lusch (2007), â€Å"the value network member that is the prime integrator is in a stronger competitive position†. In our case, no prime â€Å"integrator† exists, but it does need a prime or core player who leads members in the network to go forward. The dominant position makes core player to own more influence in the network, which is the reason why participants contend for it. It is not a big issue if everything goes well in the network, but the threat is how to deal with the faults, if any, emerging in this loosely organized system, which will become crucial. For example, if a shop in the network being complained by customers several times, who should take the responsibility to decide whether to keep the shop any longer for its own-remedy or to kick it out immediately? In addition, other issues following the service innovation include how much power the prime player is supposed to possess, how to supervise the use of power, etc. Among the four types of participants, customers are not suitable to act as prime player in terms of leading power, although being

Presencia de padres para solicitar pasaporte de menores

Presencia de padres para solicitar pasaporte de menores Como regla general, para sacar el pasaporte de EE.UU. para un menor de edad es necesaria la presencia y el consentimiento de ambos padres o, en su caso, del guardin o tutor legal. Sin embargo, la ley reconoce importantes excepciones a esta regla general, ya que a veces es muy difà ­cil o imposible que ambos padres puedan acompaà ±ar al infante a solicitar el pasaporte. Por ejemplo, cuando no se hablan o, simplemente, no se puede ubicar a uno de ellos. Puntos clave: presencia de padres para solicitar pasaporte para menor en EE.UU. Regla general: es necesaria la presencia y consentimiento de ambos padresExcepciones: custodia no compartida, no es posible ubicar a uno de los padres, es imposible que se presente o uno de ellos se niega a dar su consentimiento para este trmite. Casos de In Loco Parentis (en el lugar de los padres).Costo pasaporte y/o tarjeta de pasaporte: 16 aà ±os o ms, 15 aà ±os o menos. Primera vez/renovar. Tarifa de tramitacià ³n urgente y servicio de mensajerà ­a. Regla general sobre presencia de los padres para solicitar pasaporte de EE.UU. para los hijos La regla general es que se necesita el consentimiento de ambos padres para sacar el pasaporte americano para un nià ±o menor de edad. La consecuencia de dicha regla es que para solicitar el pasaporte de un nià ±o estadounidense ambos padres deben presentarse con el menor en la Oficina o Agencia de Aceptacià ³n de Solicitudes de Pasaporte, si se est en Estados Unidos, o en una oficina consular si se est en otro paà ­s. Excepciones a la regla de presencia conjunta del padre y de la madre Las normas permiten tres excepciones a esta regla general de obligatoriedad de presencia de ambos padres en el trmite de solicitud de pasaporte estadounidense para un hijo menor de edad. En primer lugar, no es requisito la presencia de padre y madre en la Oficina o Agencia de solicitud de pasaportes o en la oficina consular cuando se puede probar que uno de los progenitores goza en exclusiva de la custodia sobre el hijo. Los documentos aceptados son las siguientes: Certificado de Nacimiento (forma larga) o Reporte Consular de Nacimiento en el Extranjero del nià ±o en el que figure sà ³lo el nombre del padre o de la madre.Certificado de Defuncià ³n de uno de los padres.Declaracià ³n de una Corte estableciendo que uno de los padres es incompetente para asuntos legales.Certificado de adopcià ³n, cuando el menor es adoptado por sà ³lo un hombre o sà ³lo una mujer.Orden judicial en la que se concede la custodia al padre o a la madre. Sin embargo, en este à ºltimo caso, es posible que el documento judicial expresamente prohiba al progenitor que goza de la custodia en exclusiva del derecho a solicitar un pasaporte para el menor. Si esa es la situacià ³n, no podr pedir sin el otro progenitor el pasaporte para el nià ±o. En segundo lugar, no es obligatoria la presencia de ambos padres cuando el pap y la mam tienen la custodia conjunta sobre el menor pero es imposible que uno de ellos acompaà ±e al nià ±o a realizar la tramitacià ³n de pasaporte. Pero para ello es necesario que el progenitor que no lo acompaà ±e complete el formulario DS-3053. Llenar todos los apartados desde el 1 al 4a, dejando en blanco los apartados 4b y 5. Adems, hay que obtener la firma de un notario y presentarlo en la oficina de solicitud de pasaporte o en el consulado. Llevar tambià ©n una fotocopia legible de un I.D. oficial del padre ausente. En tercer lugar, incluso es posible que ninguno de los paps acompaà ±e al infante. En este caso los padres deben hacer una declaracià ³n jurada ante un notario otorgando a favor de otra persona, como por ejemplo, la abuelita o un tà ­o, el poder para acompaà ±ar al nià ±o y representar a los padres para ese asunto concreto. Esto es lo que se conoce como In Loco Parentis (en el lugar de los padres).  ¿Quà © pasa cuando ambos padres tienen la custodia pero uno se niega a dar el consentimiento o no se puede localizar? Es frecuente que en casos de separacià ³n o divorcio no amistosos, uno de los padres se niegue a dar el consentimiento para que los hijos comunes soliciten el pasaporte. Siempre que ambos padres tengan la custodia, el padre o madre que desee que sus hijos tengan pasaporte puede explicar este problema en el apartado 5 del formulario DS-3053. Su explicacià ³n puede ser aceptada o no. Como recurso final siempre se puede pedir una orden judicial para conseguir la autorizacià ³n del otro progenitor. Pero la Corte solo dictaminar que el menor puede aplicar por el pasaporte si el viaje al extranjero que se pretende realizar es en interà ©s del menor y no hay riesgo de que se retenga al menor en el extranjero. Se trata de evitar que uno de los padres viaje con los hijos a otro paà ­s y no regresen a Estados Unidos. Si esto ocurriera, serà ­a un delito de secuestro internacional de nià ±os. Tambià ©n puede suceder que uno de los padres no pueda ubicar al otro progenitor para pedir el consentimiento. En este caso la solucià ³n tambià ©n es rellenar el formulario DS-3053, dejando en blanco el apartado 4a y el 4b y extendià ©ndose en el apartado 5 lo ms que se pueda explicando las gestiones realizadas para localizar otro progenitor. Presencia del menor Cuando se solicita un pasaporte para un nià ±o americano hay que seguir reglas muy estrictas sobre su presencia en la oficina en la que se realiza el trmite, tanto para la renovacià ³n como para solicitar por primera vez. Como regla general, el nià ±o debe estar presente para este trmite, aunque sea un bebà ©. Costo y formularios para solicitar pasaporte o tarjeta de pasaporte de EE.UU. para un menor Con el pasaporte estadounidense los ciudadanos estadounidenses pueden salir de e ingresar a EE.UU. por cualquiera de sus pasos migratorios. Por el contrario, con la tarjeta de pasaporte solo es posible utilizar controles migratorios terrestres o marà ­timos hacia/desde Mà ©xico, Bermudas, Canad y Caribe. Cada persona puede elegir un documento u otro o ambos, segà ºn sus necesidades. Segà ºn el Departamento de Estado, el costo de solicitar por primera vez o renovar el pasaporte o la tarjeta de pasaporte de un menor son los siguientes: Pasaporte estadounidense por primera vez: 16 aà ±os o ms: $110 costo de aplicacià ³n ms $35 tarifa de ejecucià ³n15 aà ±os o menos: $80 costo de aplicacià ³n ms $35 tarifa de ejecucià ³n Tarjeta de pasaporte: 16 aà ±os o ms: $30 costo de aplicacià ³n ms $35 costo de ejecucià ³n15 aà ±os o menos: $15 costo de aplicacià ³n ms $35 tarifa de ejecucià ³n Si se desea solicitar al mismo tiempo el pasaporte y la tarjeta de pasaporte se deben pagar el costo de aplicacià ³n de ambos documentos pero solo un coste de aplicacià ³n. Asà ­, los nià ±os entre 16 y 18 aà ±os pagan $140 por ambos documentos en concepto de aplicacià ³n ms $35 por ejecucià ³n. Es decir, un total de $175. En el caso de nià ±os de 15 aà ±os o menos, si se solicitan ambos documentos tendrà ­an que pagar un total de $95 por aplicacià ³n ms $35 en concepto de ejecucià ³n. La cuota de aplicacià ³n se paga al Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos mientras que la de ejecucià ³n, tambià ©n conocida como de aceptacià ³n, se paga a la Oficina de Aceptacià ³n que tramita la gestià ³n. Costo de renovacià ³n: 16 aà ±os o ms: $110 por pasaporte y $30 por tarjeta de pasaporte. 15 aà ±os o menos: mismas tarifas que cuando se aplica por primera vez Costos extra en la solicitud del pasaporte: Tarifa por tramitacià ³n urgente: $60Tarifa por entrega en por mensajerà ­a urgente: $16,48 Este à ºltimo servicio solo es posible dentro de Estados Unidos. No est disponible para tarjetas de pasaporte. Formularios para solicitar el pasaporte Menores de 15 aà ±os o menos: DS-11, para solicitar por primera vez y renovar16 aà ±os o ms: DS-11 para solicitar por primera vez, DS-82 para renovar Quà © hacer cuando el pasaporte no llega Puede suceder que la demora entre dentro de los plazos normales, ya que hay gran diferencia si se sigue el procedimiento ordinario o si se paga para una tramitacià ³n urgente. Pero tambià ©n puede suceder que se extravà ­e por correo. En este caso, es necesario reportar esta incidencia para que las autoridades vuelvan a emitir otro sin coste alguno. Documentacià ³n para el cruce de fronteras Una vez que se tiene el pasaporte, à ©ste es el mejor documento para que un ciudadano americano cruce fronteras, no sà ³lo las de otros paà ­ses, sino tambià ©n para salir y regresar a los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, en algunos casos muy limitados el pasaporte no es necesario y se admiten otras alternativas para ingresar a Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, la mejor opcià ³n siempre es el pasaporte o, en su caso, la tarjeta de pasaporte. Tambià ©n es importante tener en cuenta quà © documentacià ³n se puede pedir cuando un infante viaja internacionalmente sin estar acompaà ±ado por sus dos padres. Finalmente, antes de viajar a otro paà ­s, verificar la fecha de expiracià ³n del pasaporte, ya que los de los nià ±os expiran a los cinco aà ±os si se emitieron antes de cumplir 16 aà ±os de edad. Si ya habà ­an cumplido dicho edad, los pasaportes son vlidos por 10 aà ±os.   Adems, verificar  si se necesita visa para el paà ­s al que se va a viajar. Este artà ­culo es sà ³lo informativo. No es consejo legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

High cost of running the American healthcare system (this does not Research Paper

High cost of running the American healthcare system (this does not have to be the topic, use whatever that's suitable) - Research Paper Example There have been several reasons for such growth of cost in the health care system in the last few years. One of the most important reasons is the heavy spending in the technology sector. With time even the diseases are getting complex. Thus to fight such diseases technological innovation is a must. The use of prescription drugs also adds to the cost as with better technology the composition of the drugs are also changing which is making it more costlier than ever. The other very important factor that has added to the cost is the nature of the chronic diseases that has been a recent trend in the last few years. Chronic diseases constitute 75% diseases of the nation. These diseases are basically of long term duration and thereby requires more spending than other kind of diseases. Even the cure of such diseases is very costly compared to other kind of diseases. One economic factor which adds to the growth of the cost structure is the increase in population as well as the aging of the po pulation in US. With time, large portion of the populace is turning out to be aged as it is widely known that most diseases are often witnessed in old age. Therefore, with growing number of aged patients in the nursing homes, the cost of the health care division is also increasing. Higher administrative costs also contribute the higher health care cost structure (Kaiser Edu, 2010). Infrastructure, organization and quality should be major determinants in the health care delivery system. Health care largely depends on the infrastructure of the unit. It is very essential for the nursing home to have high level of infrastructure in order to combat with any kind of disease. Again the non physical infrastructure should be competent and up to date. It generally means that the information system and the human resources should be competent enough